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1 standard
مُسْتَوًى \ level: height or position (in comparison with what is higher or lower): The river level rose six feet in the night; it was on a level with (on the same level as) the road. Children from all social levels mix in school, a fixed point from which height may be measured That mountain is 9000 feet above sea level. The roof was 40 feet above the street level. standard: a fixed level (of quality, behaviour, size weight, etc.): His work is below the standard that we expect. Poor people have a low standard of living. \ See Also معيار (مِعْيار)، مقياس (مِقْياس) -
2 standard time
Gen Mgt [m1]1. the length of time taken by a worker to complete a particular motion, such as reaching or grasping2. the total time required to complete a specific task for an employee working at the expected rate. The standard time for any particular task is derived through work measurement and time study techniques, and takes into account relaxation allowances, which allow employees time to recover from the psychological or physiological effects of performing a task, and contingency allowances, which recognize that there may be legitimate causes of delay before a task can be completed. Predetermined motion-time systems may be used to help determine a standard time. -
3 Standard Procedure for the Measurement of the Radio-Frequency Radiation from Aviation Radio Receivers Operating Within the Radio-Frequency Range of 30-890 Megacycles
Стандартный метод измерения радиочастотного излучения авиационных приёмников, работающих в диапазоне радиочастот 30-890 МГцАнгло-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > Standard Procedure for the Measurement of the Radio-Frequency Radiation from Aviation Radio Receivers Operating Within the Radio-Frequency Range of 30-890 Megacycles
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4 Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus)
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. c. 23 AD Como, Italyd. 25 August 79 AD near Pompeii, Italy[br]Roman encyclopedic writer on the natural world.[br]Pliny was well educated in Rome, and for ten years or so followed a military career with which he was able to combine literary work, writing especially on historical subjects. He completed his duties c. 57 AD and concentrated on writing until he resumed his official career in 69 AD with administrative duties. During this last phase he began work on his only extant work, the thirty-seven "books" of his Historia Naturalis (Natural History), each dealing with a broad subject such as astronomy, geography, mineralogy, etc. His last post was the command of the fleet based at Misenum, which came to an end when he sailed too near Vesuvius during the eruption that engulfed Pompeii and he was overcome by the fumes.Pliny developed an insatiable curiosity about the natural world. Unlike the Greeks, the Romans made few original contributions to scientific thought and observation, but some made careful compilations of the learning and observations of Greek scholars. The most notable and influential of these was the Historia Naturalis. To the ideas about the natural world gleaned from earlier Greek authors, he added information about natural history, mineral resources, crafts and some technological processes, such as the extraction of metals from their ores, reported to him from the corners of the Empire. He added a few observations of his own, noted during travels on his official duties. Not all the reports were reliable, and the work often presents a tangled web of fact and fable. Gibbon described it as an immense register in which the author has "deposited the discoveries, the arts, and the errors of mankind". Pliny was indefatigable in his relentless note-taking, even dictating to his secretary while dining.During the Dark Ages and early Middle Ages in Western Europe, Pliny's Historia Naturalis was the largest known collection of facts about the natural world and was drawn upon freely by a succession of later writers. Its influence survived the influx into Western Europe, from the twelfth century, of translations of the works of Greek and Arab scholars. After the invention of printing in the middle of the fifteenth century, Pliny was the first work on a scientific subject to be printed, in 1469. Many editions followed and it may still be consulted with profit for its insights into technical knowledge and practice in the ancient world.[br]BibliographyThe standard Latin text with English translation is that edited by H.Rackham et al.(1942– 63, Loeb Classical Library, London: Heinemann, 10 vols). The French version is by A.Further ReadingThe editions mentioned above include useful biographical and other details. For special aspects of Pliny, see K.C.Bailey, 1929–32, The Elder Pliny's Chapters on Chemical Subjects, London, 2 vols.LRDBiographical history of technology > Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus)
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5 Peter the Great (Pyotr Alekseyevich Romanov)
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 10 June 1672 (30 May 1672 Old Style) Moscow, Russiad. 8 February 1725 (28 January 1725 Old Style) St Petersburg, Russia[br]Russian Tsar (1682–1725), Emperor of all the Russias (1722–5), founder of the Russian Navy, shipbuilder and scientist; as a shipbuilder he was known by the pseudonym Petr Mikhailov.[br]Peter the Great was a man with a single-minded approach to problems and with passionate and lifelong interests in matters scientific, military and above all maritime. The unusual and dominating rule of his vast lands brought about the age of Russian enlightenment, and ensured that his country became one of the most powerful states in Europe.Peter's interest in ships and shipbuilding started in his childhood; c. 1687 he had an old English-built day sailing boat repaired and launched, and on it he learned the rudiments of sailing and navigation. This craft (still preserved in St Petersburg) became known as the "Grandfather of the Russian Navy". In the years 1688 to 1693 he established a shipyard on Lake Plestsheev and then began his lifelong study of shipbuilding by visiting and giving encouragement to the industry at Archangelsk on the White Sea and Voronezh in the Sea of Azov. In October 1696, Peter took Azov from the Turks, and the Russian Fleet ever since has regarded that date as their birthday. Setting an example to the young aristocracy, Peter travelled to Western Europe to widen his experience and contacts and also to learn the trade of shipbuilding. He worked in the shipyards of Amsterdam and then at the Naval Base of Deptford on the Thames.The war with Sweden concentrated his attention on the Baltic and, to establish a base for trading and for the Navy, the City of St Petersburg was constructed on marshland. The Admiralty was built in the city and many new shipyards in the surrounding countryside, one being the Olonez yard which in 1703 built the frigate Standart, the first for the Baltic Fleet, which Peter himself commanded on its first voyage. The military defence of St Petersburg was effected by the construction of Kronstadt, seawards of the city.Throughout his life Peter was involved in ship design and it is estimated that one thousand ships were built during his reign. He introduced the building of standard ship types and also, centuries ahead of its time, the concept of prefabrication, unit assembly and the building of part hulls in different places. Officially he was the designer of the ninety-gun ship Lesnoe of 1718, and this may have influenced him in instituting Rules for Shipbuilders and for Seamen. In 1716 he commanded the joint fleets of the four naval powers: Denmark, Britain, Holland and Russia.He established the Marine Academy, organized and encouraged exploration and scientific research, and on his edict the St Petersburg Academy of Science was opened. He was not averse to the recruitment of foreigners to key posts in the nation's service. Peter the Great was a remarkable man, with the unusual quality of being a theorist and an innovator, in addition to the endowments of practicality and common sense.[br]Further ReadingRobert K.Massie, 1981, Peter the Great: His Life and Work, London: Gollancz.Henri Troyat, 1979, Pierre le Grand; pub. in English 1988 as Peter the Great, London: Hamish Hamilton (a good all-round biography).AK / FMWBiographical history of technology > Peter the Great (Pyotr Alekseyevich Romanov)
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6 Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)
[br]b. 14 June 1890 Little Shasta, California, USAd. 3 May 1969 California, USA[br]American pioneer of diesel rail traction.[br]Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.[br]Further ReadingP.M.Reck, 1948, On Time: The History of the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors Corporation, La Grange, Ill.: General Motors (describes Hamilton's career).PJGRBiographical history of technology > Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)
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7 зависимость
* * *Зависимость -- relation, relationship (выражения); function (функциональная); history (обычно временная); law (общеизвестная); variation, trend, behavior, pattern, characteristic (закономерность, характеристика); sensitivity, dependence (обусловленность)This resulted in a time-temperature history of the combustion gases, vastly different from that of the original burner design.Any major systematic deviation from the standard load/life law should have manifested itself in observed misprediction of lives in service.Зависимость между... иThe behavior of the heat transfer coefficient versus flow rate is different here from the classical Nusselt condensation problem.In the simplest option in the program a straight line relationship is taken for temperature rise against mass blow.Зависимость... отStrouhal number dependence of phase angle (Зависимость фазового угла от числа Струхаля)It became evident that the schedule of casing width versus radius is an arbitrary constraint.The lack of response of performance to variations in viscosity can be traced to the fact mentioned in Section 1.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > зависимость
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8 נאוסא
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9 빗나가는
adj. deviated, strayed or turned aside from the norm, departed from the standard; wandering, moving aimlessly from place to place -
10 빗나간
adj. deviated, strayed or turned aside from the norm, departed from the standard -
11 φεύγω
+ V 26-101-46-13-64=250 Gn 14,10(bis); 39,12.13.15to flee Gn 14,10; to have recourse to, to take refuge in [εἴς τινα] Is 20,6; to flee [τι] Wis 1,5; id. [τινα] Is 27,1; to shun [τι] (in moral sense) 4 Mc 8,19; to escape [τι] Wis 16,15; to vanish, to disappear from [ἀπό τινος] Ps 67(68),2*1 Chr 21,12 φεύγειν σε your fleeing-נסכה for MT נספה swept away; *Is 10,18 ὡς ὁ φεύγων he that flees-נוס for MT כמסס as the wasting away (of a sick man); *Is 31,9 ὁ φεύγων he that flees-נוס for MT מנסנסס from the standard; *Jer 4,6 φεύγετε flee-נסו for MT נס a signal, see also 4,21; *Jer 26(46),15 ἔφυγεν ὁ Ἆπις Apis fled-חף נס for MT נסחף he was swept away; *Am 6,5 οὐχ ὡς φεύγοντα not as fleeing-ורשׂ בלי without receding for MT ירשׁכלי־ musical instrumentsCf. HELBING 1928, 27-29; LEE, J. 1983, 28; WALTERS 1973, 256; WEVERS 1990, 222; →NIDNTT(→ἀποφεύγω, διαφεύγω, ἐκφεύγω, καταφεύγω, συμφεύγω,,) -
12 villégiature
n. f. Etre en villégiature (iron.): To be 'in the nick', to be in prison. (The 'nudgenudge, wink-wink' irony stems from the standard meaning of the expression. Etre en villégiature cannot be equated with the explanation given to children and neighbours as to the whereabouts of a father/husband. See voyage.) -
13 opérer
v. trans. & intrans.1. To 'knife', to stab someone.2. To 'screw', to fuck, to have coition with.3. Il m'a opéré de dix sacs: He conned me out of ten quid. (The deviation from the standard meaning is' jocular and suggests the 'painless removal' of funds or valuable items.)4. To 'operate', to ply a trade (usually an illegal one). Il opère sur les champs de courses et fait son beurre au bonneteau: He works the racecourses with the old three-card trick.5. Opérer en douce: To go about one's business in a furtive and clandestine way. -
14 vitriol
n. m. (joc.): 'Hooch', strong and dubious alcohol (usually the 'moonshine' variety. The 'rotgut' image derives from the standard meaning of vitriol which is the popular term for sulphuric acid). -
15 freestyle
n. freestyle, type of swim competition in which a swimmer may choose the type of stroke (from the standard groups of strokes) -
16 отклонение
Рабочее время сотрудника, которое отклоняется от определенного для данного сотрудника нормативного времени. — An employee working time, which deviates from the standard time determined for the employee.
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17 передавать размер единицы от эталона (рабочему) средству измерений
Metrology: transfer measurements from the standard to an instrumentУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > передавать размер единицы от эталона (рабочему) средству измерений
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18 передавать размер единицы от эталона рабочему средству измерений
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > передавать размер единицы от эталона рабочему средству измерений
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19 передавать размер единицы от эталона средству измерений
Metrology: (рабочему) transfer measurements from the standard to an instrumentУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > передавать размер единицы от эталона средству измерений
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20 обязательно проявилось бы
Обязательно проявилось бы-- Any major systematic deviation from the standard load/life law should have manifested itself in observed misprediction of lives in service. (... в несовпадении расчётного и эксплуатационного сроков службы)Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > обязательно проявилось бы
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